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CPA - SWISS - LE GÉNÉRAL GUISAN:
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Henri Guisan(French pronunciation:[ɑ̃ʁiɡizɑ̃]; 21 October 1874 – 7 April 1960) was aSwissmilitary officer who held the office ofGeneralof theSwiss Armed Forcesduring theSecond World War. He was the fourth and the most recent person to be appointed to the rarely used Swiss rank of general, and was possibly Switzerland's most famous soldier. He is best remembered for effectively mobilizing the Swiss military and population in order to prepare resistance against apossible invasionbyNazi Germanyin 1940. Guisan was voted the fourth-greatest Swiss figure of all time in 2010.[1]

Henri Guisan was born on 21 October 1874 inMézières, in the canton ofVaud, aProtestantpart ofFrench-speaking Switzerland.[2]He was the son of Louise-Jeanne (née Bérengier) and Charles Ernest Guisan, a doctor fromAvenches.[2]He attended school inLausanne, graduating in 1893, and later studied at the agricultural schools ofÉcully, France, andHohenheim, Germany.[2]Upon completing his studies, in 1897, he moved to and became agentleman farmerin theBroye Valley. That same year, Guisan married Mary Doelker,[2]with whom he had two children, Henry and Myriam. In 1903 he moved to Verte-Rive inPully, onLake Geneva.[3]

Upon entering the Swiss military in 1894, Guisan was assigned to thefield artilleryas a lieutenant.[2]He was promoted to captain in 1904 and became captain of theGeneral Staffin 1908.[2]In 1911, Guisan was promoted to major and was transferred to the infantry on the order of the Chief of the General Staff,Theophil Sprecher von Bernegg.[2]In 1916, he was made lieutenant-colonel of the General Staff in the "Operations" section inBern, and in 1919 was simultaneously made chief of staff of the 2nd Division and commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment.[2]

Guisan reached the ranks of brigadier in 1921, divisional commander in 1927, and was made corps commander in 1932, the highest Swiss rank achievable during peacetime.[4][5]His appointment as corps commander was supported by Federal CouncillorRudolf Minger, head of theFederal Military Department.[2]Guisan was first at the head of the Field Army Corps 2 then of theField Army Corps 1.[2]

On 28 August 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II, theSwiss Federal Assemblycalled aUnited Federal Assemblyto elect ageneral, a unique rank used only in time of war or national emergency. On 30 August 1939, Guisan was elected general by 204 votes out of 231 members of the Assembly, against 21 votes for divisional commander Jules Borel, who was mostly supported by the socialists.[2][6]He was given the directive to safeguard the independence of the country and to maintain the integrity of Swiss territory. During theInterwar period, Guisan had belonged to tendency,[2]and was a member of the right-wingSwiss Patriotic Federation.[7][8]Nevertheless, he maintained good relations with theSocialist Partyfor the entire duration of World War II.[2]

In 1939 the Swiss military were able to muster 430,000 men, approximately 20% of the work force. At one point, up to 850,000 Swiss soldiers were mobilized.[9]However, Swiss military equipment was not on a par with that of the German military.[10]Guisan's command was dominated by conflict with the government.[11]Whereas the government preferred an understated and politically riskless neutrality, Guisan, charged with actually preventing invasion, opted to call for determined resistance. In May 1940 he ordered an investigation against 124 army officers suspected of Nazi sympathies.[2]After theBattle of France, Germany found documents inLa Charité-sur-Loireproving that Guisan had been secretly making military preparations with France, despite Swiss neutrality.[2][12]The Swiss military would have been remiss in not pursuing contacts with the French based on their perception of a German threat.[11]Nonetheless, this was politically very risky, and represented a very typical example to be seized upon by Germany to justify aggression,such as occurredprior to the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II.[citation needed]

On 25 July 1940, Guisan delivered a historic address to the entire Swiss Officer Corps assembled on theRütli, a location charged with symbolism in Swiss Romantic nationalism by virtue of being identified as the site of the legendaryRütli Oath. He made it very clear that Switzerland would resist any Nazi invasion. If they ran out of bullets they were to resort to the bayonet. He said that Switzerland would defend itself against any invader and would never surrender.[11]Guisan became a symbol of resistance to Nazism that was widespread amongst the Swiss public.[12]At a time when military commanders remained distant, he rejected formalities and maintained contact with civilians and soldiers.[2]

In summer 1940, after the Battle of France, Guisan developed his famousNational Redoubtconcept, according to which the Swiss Army would have retreated into theAlpsrelatively soon if attacked, but would have kept up resistance based on some sort ofguerrillaandstay-behindtactics from there. The Swiss paramilitary organizationAktion Nationaler Widerstand(Resistant National Action), formed from contacts between selected army figures and conservative civilian circles, had the explicit task of persuading the civilian population to resist invaders.[13][14]

However, Guisan's and Switzerland's main strategy was deterrence rather than fighting, and Germany never risked invasion. Its 1940 planned invasion of Switzerland, codenamedOperation Tannenbaum, was soon abandoned as theBattle of Britainand laterOperation Barbarossabecame priorities.[15]On 20 August 1945,[16]Guisan left his command, considering his mission to be fulfilled.

Having become a national hero by successfully avoiding war,[17]Guisan died inPullyon 7 April 1960, aged 85.[2]He was buried on 12 April in Pully, with 300,000 participating in his funeral procession through Lausanne, the biggest attendance at a funeral in Swiss history.[18]His grave is a work byEdouard-Marcel Sandoz.

In his life, Guisan heavily propagandized his public image, banning 5,600 images of himself from being printed from 1939 to 1945. Unlike GeneralUlrich Willeduring theFirst World War,[2]Guisan was an extremely popular figure in Switzerland.[19]He has been criticized for admiringBenito MussoliniandPhilippe Pétainas well as having a meeting withWalter Schellenbergin March 1943.[20]

Guisan's former homeVerte Rivein Pully is now used asCentre Général Guisan.[21]His office, living room and dining room are preserved as a museum.[22]

Memorials are at:

• Lausanne-Ouchy: equestrian statue byOtto Bänninger, financed following a public fundraising in 1960,[23]inaugurated on 27 May 1967 in the presence of 70,000 people
• Avenches: a bust, inaugurated in 1969
• On the main deck of the steamshipStadt Luzern: a memorial plaque with his relief byFranco Annonicommemorating his speech on Rütli in 1940, inaugurated byGeorges-André Chevallazin 1980, 40 years afterwards[24]
• Library am Guisanplatz, Bern: equestrian sculpture byLaurent Boillat, created in 1949[25]and installed in September 2008
• Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw, Plaque: plaque inaugurated in 2010[26][27]
• Schlossgarten,Interlaken: monumental sculpture
• Allmend,Zollikon: memorial with a relief
• LägernaboveRegensberg: memorial plaque[28]
• Victoria-Jungfrau,Interlaken: plaque in the hotel
• General-Guisan Quai, Lucerne: plaque on the lakeshore[29]

Numerous cities and towns in Switzerland have streets named for him:General Gallen,Weinfelden;avenue du Général Général GuisaninMorges;General Guisan-PromenadeinBasel;via Henri GuisaninBellinzona;via Generale GuisaninBalerna,Biasca,Riva San Vitale,Vacallo,Lugano;via Generale Henri GuisaninChiasso;via GuisaninMassagno,Paradiso;Via Enrico GuisaninMendrisio.

Town squares and open spaces are named after GuisaninBiel/Bienne;place du Général Henri-GuisaninLausanne.

There is aquai du Général-GuisanonLake LucerneinLucerneandStansstad, onLake ZurichinZurich.[17]

A militarymarchtitled "General-Guisan-Marsch" was composed in 1939 byStephan Jaeggi.

Asteroid1960 Guisanhas been named in Guisan's honour.[30]

The mangaAlpen RosebyMichiyo Akaishigives Guisan an important role in the story.

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