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    MascotJohn HarvardWebsiteharvard.edu

    Harvard Universityis aprivateIvy Leagueresearch universityinCambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 asHarvard Collegeand named for its first benefactor, thePuritanclergymanJohn Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[10]

    Harvard\'s founding was authorized by theMassachusetts colonial legislature, \"dreading to leave an illiterateministryto the churches\". Though never formally affiliated with anydenomination, in its early yearsHarvard Collegeprimarily trainedCongregationalclergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among theBoston elite.[11][12]Following theAmerican Civil War, under PresidentCharles William Eliot\'s long tenure (1869–1909), the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that transformed the college into a modernresearch university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded theAssociation of American Universities.[13]James B. Conantled the university through theGreat DepressionandWorld War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.

    The university is composed of ten academic faculties and theHarvard Radcliffe Institute.The Faculty of Arts and Sciencesoffers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduateacademic disciplines, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses:[14]the 209-acre (85ha) Cambridge campus centered onHarvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately acrossCharles Riverin theAllstonneighborhood ofBoston; and the medical campus in Boston\'sLongwood Medical Area.[15]Harvard\'s endowmentis valued at $50.7billion, making it thewealthiest academic institutionin the world.[3][4]Endowment income enables the undergraduate college toadmit students regardless of financial needand provide financial aid with no loans. According to theAmerican Library Association, Harvard University has the fourth largest library by volumes held in the United States.

    Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included188 living billionaires,8 U.S. presidents, numerous heads of state, founders of notable companies,Nobel laureates,Fields Medalists,members of Congress,MacArthur Fellows,Rhodes Scholars,Marshall Scholars,Turing Award Recipients,Pulitzer Prizewinners, andFulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard ranks among the top globally in each of these categories.[Notes 1]Additionally, students and alumni have won 10Academy Awardsand110 Olympic medals(46 gold).

    HistoryMain article:History of Harvard UniversityColonial eraSee also:John Harvard (clergyman)TheHarvard Corporationseal found on Harvard diplomas.Christo et Ecclesiae(Latin: \"For Christ and Church\") is one of Harvard\'s several early mottoes.[16]A 1767 engraving ofHarvard CollegebyPaul Revere

    Harvard was founded in 1636 during thecolonial, pre-Revolutionary eraby vote of the Great and General Court ofMassachusetts Bay Colony. Its first headmaster,Nathaniel Eaton, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquiredBritish North America\'s first knownprinting press.[17][18]

    In 1639, it was namedHarvard CollegeafterJohn Harvard, an English clergyman who had died soon after immigrating to Massachusetts, bequeathing it £780 and his library of some 320 volumes.[19]The charter creatingHarvard Corporationwas granted in 1650.

    A 1643 publication defined the college\'s purpose: \"to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust.\"[20]The college trained manyPuritanministers in its early years[21]and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended theUniversity of Cambridge‍—‌conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination.[22]

    Increase Matherserved as Harvard College\'s president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708,John Leverettbecame the first president who was not also a clergyman.[23]

    19th centuryTheStatue of John HarvardonHarvard Yard

    In the 19th century,Enlightenmentideas of reason and free will were widespread amongCongregationalministers, placing those ministers and their congregations at odds with more Professor of DivinityDavid Tappandied in 1803 and PresidentJoseph Willarddied a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements.Henry Warewas elected Hollis chair in 1805, and liberalSamuel Webberwas appointed president two years later, signaling a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to style=\"margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;\">From 1869 to 1909,Charles William Eliotwas Harvard University\'s president. He decreased the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum, and opened it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated primarily influenced byWilliam Ellery Channing,Ralph Waldo Emerson, and others of the time, rather than secularism.[26]

    In 1816, Harvard University launched new programs in the study ofFrenchandSpanish, and appointedGeorge Ticknorthe university\'s first professor for these language programs.

    20th centuryA 1906 watercolor painting of the campus, facing northeast[27]

    Harvard\'s graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. DuringWorld War II, students atRadcliffe College(which, since its 1879 founding, had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.[28]In 1945, women were first admitted to themedical school.[29]Since 1971, Harvard had controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.[30]

    In the 20th century, Harvard\'s reputation grew as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with the university. The university\'s rapid enrollment growth also was a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of theundergraduate college. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of theAssociation of American Universities.[13]

    The student body in its first decades of the 20th century was predominantly \"old-stock, high-statusProtestants, andPresbyterians\", according to sociologist and authorJerome Karabel.[31]In 1923, a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, PresidentA. Lawrence Lowellsupported a policy change that would have capped the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. But Lowell\'s idea was rejected. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university\'sfreshman dormitories, writing that, \"We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial.\"[32][33][34][35]

    PresidentJames B. Conantled the university from 1933 to 1953; Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard\'s preeminence among the nation and world\'s emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy. As such, he devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. An influential 268-page report issued by Harvard faculty in 1945 under Conant\'s leadership,General Education in a Free Society, remains one of the most important works incurriculum studies.[36]

    Between 1945 and 1960, admissions standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students; for example, afterWorld War II, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.[37]No longer drawing mostly from select New Englandprep schools, theundergraduate collegebecame accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus the representation of these groups in the general population.[38]Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, Harvard incrementally became vastly more diverse.[39]

    21st centuryAn aerial view of Harvard University at night in July 2017

    Drew Gilpin Faust, who was dean ofHarvard Radcliffe Institute, became Harvard\'s first female president on July 1, 2007.[40]In 2018, Faust retired and joined the board ofGoldman Sachs. On July 1, 2018,Lawrence Bacowwas appointed Harvard\'s29th president.[41]Bacow retired in 2023.

    In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.[42]

    On July 1, 2023,Claudine Gay, a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of theFaculty of Arts and Sciences, succeeded Bacow as the university\'s 30th president. In January 2024, ProvostAlan Garbersucceeded Gay as interim president after Gay resigned followingallegations of HallCambridgeSee also:Harvard Divinity School,Harvard Graduate School of Design,Harvard Graduate School of Education,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences,Harvard Kennedy School,Harvard Law School, andHarvard Radcliffe Institute

    Harvard\'s 209-acre (85ha) main campus is centered onHarvard Yard(\"the Yard\") in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5km) west-northwest of downtownBoston, and extends into the surroundingHarvard Squareneighborhood. The Yard contains administrative offices such asUniversity HallandMassachusetts Hall; libraries such asWidener,Pusey,Houghton, andLamont; andMemorial Church.

    The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of theFaculty of Arts and Sciences, including the college, such asSever HallandHarvard Hall.

    Memorial Church

    Freshman dormitoriesare in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelveresidential houses– nine south of the Yard near theCharles River, the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at theRadcliffe Quadrangle(which formerly housedRadcliffe Collegestudents). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[44]

    Also in Cambridge are theLaw,Divinity(theology),Engineering and Applied policy), andExtensionschools, as well as theRadcliffe Institute for Advanced Studyin Radcliffe Yard.[45]Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[46][47]

    AllstonSee also:Harvard University\'s expansion in Allston, Massachusetts

    Harvard Business School,Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, includingHarvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145ha) campus inAllston,[48]a Boston neighborhood just across theCharles Riverfrom the Cambridge campus. TheJohn W. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses.

    The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[49]Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[50]

    In 2021, theHarvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciencesexpanded into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.[51]The SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.[52]

    LongwoodSee also:Longwood Medical and Academic AreaHarvard Medical School

    The schools ofMedicine,Dental Medicine, andPublic Healthare located on a 21-acre (8.5ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.3km) south of the Cambridge campus.[15]Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, includingBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Boston Children\'s Hospital,Brigham and Women\'s Hospital,Dana–Farber Cancer Institute,Joslin Diabetes Center, and theWyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, most notablyMassachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area.

    Other

    Harvard owns theDumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collectionin Washington, D.C.,Harvard ForestinPetersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station inEstabrook WoodsinConcord, Massachusetts,[53]theVilla I Tattiresearch center inFlorence, Italy,[54]the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[55]and theArnold Arboretumin theJamaica Plainneighborhood ofBoston.

    Organization and and Applied Sciences1847Dental Medicine1867Arts and Health1913Government1936University seal

    Harvard is governed by a combination of itsBoard of Overseersand thePresident and Fellows of Harvard College(also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints thePresident of Harvard University.[56]There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[57]including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[58]

    TheFaculty of Arts and Sciencesis the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction inHarvard College, theGraduate School of Arts and Sciences, theJohn A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and theDivision of Continuing Education, which includesHarvard Summer SchoolandHarvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as theRadcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

    Joint programs with theMassachusetts Institute of Technologyinclude theHarvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, theBroad Institute,The Observatory of Economic Complexity, andedX.

    EndowmentMain article:Harvard University endowment

    Harvard has the largestuniversity endowmentin the world, valued at about $50.7billion as of 2023.[3][4]During therecession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[59]The endowment has since recovered.[60][61][62][63]

    About $2billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[64]Harvard\'s ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by theFaculty of Arts and Sciences.[65]Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students\' tuition, fees, room, and board.[66]

    DivestmentSee also:Financial endowment §Criticism and reforms

    Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocateddivestingHarvard\'s endowment from controversial holdings, including investments inapartheidSouth Africa,Sudanduring theDarfur genocide, and thetobacco,fossil fuel, andprivate prisonindustries.[67][68]

    In the late 1980s, during thedivestment from South Africamovement, student activists erected a symbolic \"shantytown\" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[69][70]The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230million (out of $400million) in response to the pressure.[69][71]

    AcademicsTeaching and learningMassachusetts Hall(1720), Harvard\'s oldest building[72]Harvard Yard

    Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[73]offering 50undergraduatemajors,[74]134 graduate degrees,[75]and 32 professional degrees.[76]During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[76]

    Harvard College, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has aliberal arts and sciencesfocus.[73][74]To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.[77]In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[78]Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[79]

    Research

    Harvard is a founding member of theAssociation of American Universities[80]and a preeminent research university with \"very high\" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.[73]

    With themedical schoolconsistently ranking first among medical schools for research,[81]biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[82]The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65billion in competitive research grants from theNational Institutes of Healthin 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.[83]

    Libraries and museumsWidener Libraryanchors theHarvard Librarysystem.Henry Moore\'s sculptureLarge Four Piece Reclining Figure, nearLamont Library

    TheHarvard Librarysystem is centered inWidener LibraryinHarvard Yardand comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4million items.[84][85][86]According to theAmerican Library Association, it is the 4th largest library by volumes held in the United States.[87][6]

    Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America\'s oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection ofEast-Asianlanguage material outside of East Asia is held in theHarvard-Yenching Library.

    TheHarvard Art Museumscomprise three museums. TheArthur M. Sackler Museumcovers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, theBusch–Reisinger Museum(formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and theFogg Museumcovers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italianearly Renaissance, Britishpre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museums of Science and Culture are made up of theHarvard Museum of Natural History, which itself includes theHarvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum, theHarvard University Herbariafeaturing theBlaschkaGlass Flowersexhibit, and theMuseum of Comparative Zoology; theHarvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, found in theHarvard Science Center; theHarvard Museum of the Ancient Near Eastfeaturing artifacts from excavations in the Middle East; and thePeabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere. Other museums include theCarpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed byLe Corbusierand housing the film archive; theWarren Anatomical Museum, found at Harvard Medical School\'sCenter for the History of Medicine; and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at theHutchins Center for African and African American Research.

    Reputation and rankingsAcademic News & World Report[90]3(tie)Washington Monthly[91]1WSJ/College News & World Report[96]1showNational Graduate Rankings
    (as of 2019)[97]showGlobal Subject Rankings
    (as of 2019)[98]

    WhenQSandTimes Higher Educationcollaborated to publish theTimes Higher Education–QS World University Rankingsfrom 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place onTHE World Reputation Rankingsever since it was released in 2011.[99]It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from theCenter for Measuring University Performance.[100]Harvard University isaccreditedby theNew England Commission of Higher Education.[101]

    Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both theUniversity Ranking by Academic Performance(2019–2020) andMines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities(2011), which measured universities\' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions inFortuneGlobal 500companies.[102]According to annual polls done byThe Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students and parents.[103][104][105]Additionally, having made significant investments in itsengineering schoolin recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 byTimes Higher Education.[106]

    Ininternational relations,Foreign Policymagazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind theEdmund A. Walsh School of Foreign ServiceatGeorgetown Medicine1867280Arts and lifeStudent body composition as of May 2, 2022hideRace and national11%Black11%Other[Notes 2]9%Economic diversityLow-income[Notes 3]18%Affluent[Notes 4]82%Student government

    TheUndergraduate Councilrepresents College students. TheGraduate Councilrepresents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.[110]

    AthleticsMain article:Harvard Crimson

    Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools haveintramural sportsprograms.

    Harvard College competes in theNCAADivision IIvy Leagueconference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[111]Every two years, the Harvard andYaletrack and field teams come together to compete against a combinedOxfordandCambridgeteam in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[112]As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offerathletic scholarships.[113]The school color is crimson.

    Harvard\'s athletic rivalry withYaleis intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in theannual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.[114]

    Harvard University Gazette

    TheHarvard Gazette, also called theHarvard University Gazette, is the official press organ of Harvard University. Formerly a print publication, it is now a web site. It publicizes research, faculty, teaching and events at the university. Initiated in 1906, it was originally a weekly calendar of news and events. In 1968 it became a weekly newspaper.

    When theGazettewas a print publication, it was considered a good way of keeping up with Harvard news: \"If weekly reading suits you best, the most comprehensive and authoritative medium is theHarvard University Gazette\".

    In 2010, theGazette\"shifted from a print-first to a digital-first and mobile-first\" publication, and reduced its publication calendar to biweekly, while keeping the same number of reporters, including some who had previously worked for theBoston Globe,Miami Herald, and theAssociated Press.

    Notable peopleAlumniMain articles:List of Harvard University people,List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni, andList of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University

    Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs.

    Harvard\'s affiliates includeeight U.S. presidents, 188living billionaires, 162 Nobel laureates (official count 48 active faculty at the time of the award),[Notes 1]7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369Rhodes Scholars, 252Marshall Scholars, and 13Mitchell Scholars.[115][116][117][118]Harvard students and alumni have won 10Academy Awards, 48Pulitzer Prizes, and108 Olympic medals(including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.[119][120]

    • Notable Harvard alumni include:
    • 2nd President of the United StatesJohn Adams(AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[121]
    • 6th President of the United StatesJohn Quincy Adams(AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[122][123]
    • Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poetRalph Waldo Emerson(AB, 1821)
    • Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopherHenry David Thoreau(AB, 1837)
    • 19th President of the United StatesRutherford B. Hayes(LLB, 1845)[124]
    • Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesOliver Wendell Holmes Jr.(AB, 1861, LLB)
    • Philosopher, logician, and mathematicianCharles Sanders Peirce(AB, 1862, SB 1863)
    • 26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureateTheodore Roosevelt(AB, 1880)[125]
    • Sociologist and civil rights activist
      W. E. B. Du Bois(PhD, 1895)
    • 32nd President of the United StatesFranklin D. Roosevelt(AB, 1903)[126]
    • Author, political activist, and lecturerHelen Keller(AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)
    • Poet and Nobel laureate in literatureT. S. Eliot(AB, 1909; AM, 1910)
    • Physicist and leader of theManhattan ProjectJ. Robert Oppenheimer(AB, 1925)
    • Economist and Nobel laureate in economicsPaul Samuelson(AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)
    • Musician and composerLeonard Bernstein(AB, 1939)
    • 35th President of the United StatesJohn F. Kennedy(AB, 1940)[127]
    • Mathematician and domestic terroristTed Kaczynski(AB, 1962)
    • 7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human RightsMary Robinson(LLM, 1968)
    • 45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureateAl Gore(AB, 1969)
    • 24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureateEllen Johnson Sirleaf(MPA, 1971)[128]
    • Senate Majority LeaderChuck Schumer(AB, 1971; JD, 1975)
    • 11th Prime Minister of PakistanBenazir Bhutto(AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)
    • 14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economicsBen Bernanke(AB, 1975; AM, 1975)
    • 43rd President of the United StatesGeorge W. Bush(MBA, 1975)[129]
    • 17th Chief Justice of the United StatesJohn Roberts(AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
    • Founder of Microsoft and philanthropistBill Gates(College, 1977;[a 1]LLDhc, 2007)
    • 8th Secretary-General of the United NationsBan Ki-moon(MPA, 1984)
    • Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesElena Kagan(JD, 1986)
    • Former First Lady of the United StatesMichelle Obama(JD, 1988)
    • Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistryJennifer Doudna(PhD, 1989)[130]
    • 44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureateBarack Obama(JD, 1991)[131][132]
    • Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesNeil Gorsuch(JD, 1991)
    • Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesKetanji Brown Jackson(AB, 1992; JD, 1996)
    • Founder of FacebookMark Zuckerberg(College, 2004;[a 1]LLDhc, 2017)
    1. ^Jump up to:abNominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate
    Faculty
    • Notable present and past Harvard faculty include:
    • Louis Agassiz
    • Danielle Allen
    • Alan Dershowitz
    • Paul Farmer
    • Jason Furman
    • John Kenneth Galbraith
    • Henry Louis Gates Jr.
    • Asa Gray
    • Seamus Heaney
    • Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
    • William James
    • Timothy Leary
    • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
    • James Russell Lowell
    • Greg Mankiw
    • Steven Pinker
    • Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
    • Amartya Sen
    • B. F. Skinner
    • Lawrence Summers
    • Cass Sunstein
    • Elizabeth Warren
    • Cornel West
    • E. O. Wilson
    • Shing-Tung Yau
    • Robert Reich
    Literature and popular cultureTower at theUniversity of Puerto Rico, showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that ofNational University of San Marcos, Lima (left), the oldest in the Americas

    The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. \"In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness,\" film critic Paul Sherman has said.[133]

    Literature

    Images © photo12.com-Pierre-Jean Chalençon
    A Traveling Exhibition from Russell Etling Company (c) 2011